Institutiones Administrationis - Journal of Administrative Sciences
type: channel
description: Institutiones Administrationis – Journal of Administrative Sciences (IAJAS) is a peer-reviewed academic journal publishing original research articles and book reviews on public administration, public law, and political science broadly considered. IAJAS accepts submissions on all facets of public administration, public law, constitutional law, public policy, public management, and fiscal administration both from Central and Eastern Europe and from other parts of the globe. The journal was founded by Széchenyi István University in 2021, and it is published by its University Press, Universitas Győr Non-profit Ltd.
publisher: UNIVERSITAS-Győr Nonprofit Kft.
language: en
publication name: Institutiones Administrationis - Journal of Administrative Sciences
issn: 2786-1929
items: Identity, Integration, and Loyalty in Estonia: A Relational Comparative Analysis of Immigrant Integration
items: Democratic Re-legitimation and its Limits in European Social Dialogue
items: How Fundamental is the Right to Free Movement of Persons within the European Union?
items: Regulating the Regulators
items: Power and Narratives in the Era of Behavioral Government
items: Improving Social Welfare through Tax Incentives for Philanthropy
items: The Thematic Expansion of Media Regulation in the European Union
items: Policy Content and Governance: A Perspective
items: Tort Law as Risk Allocation Contract
items: Entrepreneurship within the European Union’s Industrial Policy in Academic Debates
items: Evaluating the Nexus between Credit Supply and Sectoral Performance in Nigeria
items: An Analysis of Some Labor Market Regulation Segments of Slovakia in Reflection to the Hungarian Labor Market Development Measures Going into Effect in 2025
items: Transposition of the Mobility Directive into Slovak Law
items: Is the Welfare Partnership’s End in Sight?
items: Beyond Linz: Institutional Safeguards and the Viability of Presidentialism in Africa
items: Establishing a System for Verifying Matriculation Exam in Polish Administrative Law: Selected Aspects
items: Minority Language Education in Belarus
items: Some Constitutional Dimensions of Legislation with Supermajority in an Illiberal Context
items: Comparing the Evolution of Lobbying Legislation in Lithuania and Ireland, Whither Regulatory Robustness?
items: Administrative Legacy of Ibn Khaldûn
items: Challenges of the Current Tax-sharing System in Slovakia
items: The Role of Property Tax in Municipal Budget
items: Enhancing Property Tax Systems: Proposals for Slovakia and the Czech Republic
items: The Use of Mother Tongue in Public Administration
items: Culture and Identity: Two Emerging Topics in Hungarian Constitutional Law
items: The Correlation of Digital Competence and Crisis Management
items: Strengthening the Financial Sustainability of Serbian Local Governments by Improving their Efficiency and Effectiveness
items: Transforming External Control of Municipal Finances in Hungary
items: The Conventional Definition of Genocide
items: Participatory Communication for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods

Identity, Integration, and Loyalty in Estonia: A Relational Comparative Analysis of Immigrant Integration
type: item
description: This article presents a relational comparative analysis of Estonian integration, building directly on Marju Lauristin’s cluster analysis and national defense index in the Estonian Integration Monitoring 2023. Drawing on relational integration theory and John W. Berry’s acculturation framework, it maps Lauristin’s clusters onto Berry’s four strategies and traces ethnic differences in trust, belonging, support for NATO, and military aid to Ukraine. The analysis identifies important limitations in Lauristin’s symmetric design: even when integration is framed as a two-sided process, asymmetrical power relations persist, and acculturation strategies continue to collapse into assimilation, separation, or marginalization. The post-2022 security context amplified these pre-existing cleavages. Vetik’s national unity-versus-equal-rights imperatives remain central, yet the majority has claimed the moral high ground by framing strong support for Ukraine as a loyalty test. And the relational lens shows that this securitization of integration has proved counterproductive, widening trust gaps across the whole society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: relational integration
  topic: keywords
subject: immigrant integration
  topic: keywords
subject: loyalty
  topic: keywords
subject: Estonia
  topic: keywords
subject: Russian-speaking minority
  topic: keywords
subject: securitization
  topic: keywords
creator: Ivan Polynin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ivan Polynin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 87
ending page: 104
doi: 10.54201/iajas.216

Democratic Re-legitimation and its Limits in European Social Dialogue
type: item
description: This article examines the European Social Dialogue as a distinctive mechanism in EU governance, institutionalized under Articles 154 and 155 TFEU, which allows social partners to negotiate agreements that may become binding EU law. Challenging traditional views of it as neo-corporatism or a deliberative complement to democracy, the study reconceptualizes it as “managed regulatory outsourcing”, where norm-drafting is delegated to organized interests but remains subject to Commission discretion, Council adoption, and limited parliamentary oversight. Drawing on theoretical frameworks of democratic legitimacy (input, output, throughput), institutional balance, and functional representation, the analysis highlights how this process redistributes authority without resolving the EU’s democratic deficit. Key case law, such as UEAPME and EPSU, underscores executive gatekeeping and constitutional constraints. Post-EPSU developments, including the 2023 Council Recommendation, reflect procedural expansion amid a shift to soft-law instruments, reinforcing hybrid legitimacy but diffusing accountability. The article concludes that while social dialogue innovates participatory governance, it reconfigures rather than eliminates legitimacy tensions, emphasizing the need for stronger accountability in EU multilevel structures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: European Social Dialogue
  topic: keywords
subject: Democratic Legitimacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional balance
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Representation
  topic: keywords
subject: Legitimacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Partners
  topic: keywords
creator: Nikolaos Gaitenidis
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nikolaos Gaitenidis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 41
ending page: 57
doi: 10.54201/iajas.210

How Fundamental is the Right to Free Movement of Persons within the European Union?
type: item
description: The free movement of persons is a key pillar of European integration. However, whether it constitutes a fundamental right remains contentious. This article argues that the fundamental status of free movement has been interpreted inconsistently, and highlights the need to bridge the gap between rhetoric and reality by clearly affirming it as a fundamental right. The claim is that a legal redesign of this right is required. The article uses Rawls’ theory of justice to formulate a clearer normative standard for evaluating and redesigning European law on free movement of persons. The proposed shift towards a human‑rights‑based, residence‑anchored conception of free movement can thus be framed as an effort to align the European Union’s basic structure more closely with Rawlsian principles: securing free movement as an equal basic liberty for all legally resident persons and restructuring mobility‑related rules to promote, rather than undermine, fair equality of opportunity across the Union.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: free movement of persons
  topic: keywords
subject: European residence
  topic: keywords
subject: principle of equality of opportunity
  topic: keywords
subject: fundamental rights
  topic: keywords
subject: European Court of Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Rawls’ theory of justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Jeremy Julian Sarkin
creator: Elena-Delia Bancu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jeremy Julian Sarkin, Elena-Delia Bancu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-03
publication date: 2026-06-03
starting page: 24
ending page: 40
doi: 10.54201/iajas.213

Regulating the Regulators
type: item
description: China’s 2026 Provisions on livestream e-commerce food safety vest digital platforms with core regulatory functions that are functionally equivalent to those of administrative agencies. These functions include licensing, inspection, standard-setting, and sanctioning. Platforms now screen vendor credentials, deploy algorithmic surveillance, and impose sanctions up to permanent blacklisting. These powers mirror core administrative functions, yet Chinese law classifies them as private “corporate responsibility.” This classification displaces core administrative law constraints on platform power. Duties of reason-giving, procedural fairness, and the availability of judicial review are thereby excluded. This article exposes the accountability vacuum that results. Comparison with the EU Digital Services Act demonstrates that procedural safeguards need not compromise regulatory efficiency. This article proposes four interventions that establish minimum procedural safeguards for platform-mediated governance, including mandatory internal review, a duty to provide reasons, bridging mechanisms for dispute resolution, and technological due process embedded in platform architecture.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: platform regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: food safety
  topic: keywords
subject: administrative law
  topic: keywords
subject: technological due process
  topic: keywords
subject: algorithmic accountability
  topic: keywords
subject: privatization of regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Yi Lu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yi Lu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-20
publication date: 2026-04-20
starting page: 6
ending page: 23
doi: 10.54201/iajas.207

Power and Narratives in the Era of Behavioral Government
type: item
description: Behavioral government employs tools like nudges to steer behavior toward certain practices, raising ethical concerns if the underlying narratives are not transparent or inclusive. In this context, it has been debated whether these types of policies are a source of manipulation or rather are practices inherent to a libertarian paternalism. This article attempts to answer this question from an analysis of power. In contrast to theorizations of power in terms of force or pure domination, it is possible to establish a theoretical framework that understands power in an inclusive manner, as a capacity for order, and from there establish a rational framework for evaluating the narratives implicit in this type of policies. We propose that, within a framework of dialogue and shared values, power need not be coercive to be effective. The discussion concludes that narratives, when aligned with the common good and grounded in clear reasoning, legitimize behavioral government as an ethical and collaborative approach to addressing contemporary social challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: choice architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: libertarian paternalism
  topic: keywords
subject: manipulation
  topic: keywords
subject: nudges
  topic: keywords
creator: Manuel C. Ortiz de Landázuri
creator: Alejandro Cid Moreno
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Manuel C. Ortiz de Landázuri, Alejandro Cid Moreno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-12
publication date: 2026-06-12
starting page: 105
ending page: 119
doi: 10.54201/iajas.204

Improving Social Welfare through Tax Incentives for Philanthropy
type: item
description: To be justified, charity tax incentives should improve social welfare. This paper illustrates the importance of allocating public funds to worthier causes in evaluating the effectiveness of charity tax incentives and proposes a tax-incentive scheme (new scheme) that can substantially improve the allocation of funds. The new scheme consists of a refundable equal-percentage tax credit for all donors, a tax on the receipts of nonprofit organizations (NPOs), and a tax exemption for NPOs based on the number of donors. Tying the tax exemption to the number of donors should improve the allocation of public funds, provided that worthier causes attract more donors. In addition, the new scheme can increase philanthropic contributions, improve the operational efficiency of NPOs, and produce more intangible benefits, such as social cohesion and giving culture. The new scheme is also fairer in that it treats low-income and high-income donors equally.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: philanthropy
  topic: keywords
subject: charitable giving
  topic: keywords
subject: tax expenditures
  topic: keywords
subject: tax incentives
  topic: keywords
creator: Sangkyun Park
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sangkyun Park https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-09
publication date: 2026-04-09
starting page: 58
ending page: 70
doi: 10.54201/iajas.183

The Thematic Expansion of Media Regulation in the European Union
type: item
description: This paper analyses the evolution of European Union media regulation from the Television Without Frontiers Directive to the European Media Freedom Act. It shows how an initially sectoral framework focused on cross-border broadcasting and market integration has gradually expanded to address structural challenges such as platform dominance, disinformation, and algorithmic control of information flows. The study traces this shift from economic coordination toward the protection of democratic discourse and media pluralism. It examines the main objectives and mechanisms of the new framework while assessing its legal foundations and compatibility with subsidiarity and proportionality. It concludes that the European Union’s expanding role in media regulation, though rooted in legitimate concerns, must be exercised with caution: without careful limits, the effort to safeguard democratic discourse could unintentionally blur the distinction between protecting the conditions of free expression and prescribing its boundaries, thereby risking the very pluralism it seeks to defend.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD)
  topic: keywords
subject: European Media Freedom Act (EMFA)
  topic: keywords
subject: EU media regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: subsidiarity
  topic: keywords
subject: EU competences
  topic: keywords
creator: János Tamás Papp
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 János Tamás Papp https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 144
ending page: 159
doi: 10.54201/iajas.182

Policy Content and Governance: A Perspective
type: item
description: In the scholarship and teaching of public policy, policy content has often been a neglected area, despite the fact that policy content is an important mediating factor in policy implementation, governance, structural arrangements, and coordination, among others. This, despite the presence of complex problems in the complex 21st century, requires multiple policies, in multiple governance arrangements, to solve these policy problems. This perspective article discusses the importance of studying these issues, in complement to other approaches, from a policy content perspective to allow for more precise analysis and examination of policy implementation and governance with the possibility of a more nuanced understanding of governance. From a policy design-as-content perspective, it is possible that hidden insights can emerge beyond studying policy as a ‘single dependent variable’, whilst the disaggregation of policy content into components, and interacting components across policies, could provide important insights for public administration scholarship and public administration and policy education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: policy content
  topic: keywords
subject: policy design
  topic: keywords
subject: policy components
  topic: keywords
subject: policy mix
  topic: keywords
subject: policy analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Guswin de Wee
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Guswin de Wee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
starting page: 128
ending page: 143
doi: 10.54201/iajas.178

Tort Law as Risk Allocation Contract
type: item
description: The standard economic analysis of law has modelled tort liabilities as the state’s instruments to reduce accident costs, comprising prevention costs and damages. This regulatory deterrence model (RD model), however, does not fit with the private autonomous nature of tort law (PA model). This is why the RD model has to resort to numerous ad hoc elements to explain it. Nevertheless, given that private law is not some policy-instrument; rather, it is a complex system of norms with courts being independent adjudicators of legal disputes arising, amongst others, from contractual arrangements, legal dogmatics, rather than standard economics, seems to be a more appropriate approach to the economic analysis of private law. As such, in this paper, I am presenting an economic analysis of tort law that is closely associated with the PA model.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: tort liability
  topic: keywords
subject: accident costs
  topic: keywords
subject: liability rules
  topic: keywords
subject: private autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: complexity system
  topic: keywords
creator: Tze-Shiou Chien
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tze-Shiou Chien https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-24
publication date: 2026-04-24
starting page: 71
ending page: 86
doi: 10.54201/iajas.172

Entrepreneurship within the European Union’s Industrial Policy in Academic Debates
type: item
description: This study addresses a critical gap in understanding the evolving scholarly discourse on entrepreneurship within the European Union’s industrial policy framework. While prior researches have examined isolated aspects of innovation or regional development, few studies have systematically mapped the intellectual landscape, thematic priorities, and collaborative networks shaping this important field. This study employs a mixed-methods bibliometric approach, leveraging Scopus data (1990–2024) and tools, i.e., RStudio, VOSviewer, and Python, to analyze 2,150 publications from 937 journals and 4,943 authors. This work offers the novelty of an evaluation of both quantitative trends (e.g., productivity, citation patterns) and qualitative thematic evolution, investigating entrepreneurship within the EU industrial policy research. Key findings reveal an 11.88% annual growth in publications since 1990, signaling heightened academic engagement with sustainability transitions (e.g., circular economy, Industry 4.0), regional innovation strategies, and policy frameworks. Leading journals, e.g., Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, dominates the discourse, while influential works done by Ghisellini et al. (2016) and Nelson and Winter (1985). Collaborative networks highlight interdisciplinary and cross-border partnerships, particularly in addressing climate resilience and digital transformation. This study may contribute to a roadmap for policymakers to align support structures with emerging research priorities, e.g., green entrepreneurship and SME digitalization, while underscoring the need for inclusive frameworks to integrate non-Anglophone and regional scholarship.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bibliometrics
  topic: keywords
subject: Entrepreneurship Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union
  topic: keywords
subject: Industrial Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Scientometrics
  topic: keywords
creator: Fahmi Ali Hudaefi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fahmi Ali Hudaefi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 104
ending page: 127
doi: 10.54201/iajas.170

Evaluating the Nexus between Credit Supply and Sectoral Performance in Nigeria
type: item
description: This study investigates the impact of commercial bank credit on the performance of the agricultural, industrial, and commercial sectors of the Nigerian economy from 1991 to 2023. The analysis employed the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) method and standardized regression analysis to evaluate the relationships. The FMOLS results reveal that in the agricultural sector, commercial bank credit exhibited a positive but statistically insignificant effect on sectoral performance, while the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund and agricultural employment had positive and statistically significant impacts. In the industrial sector, commercial bank credit demonstrated positive and significant effects on sectoral performance. Similarly, in the commercial sector, credit supply exerted positive and significant impacts, whereas the interest rate had a negative and significant effect on performance. The standardized regression analysis further highlighted that credit to the industrial sector had the greatest relative impact on Nigeria’s economic growth. Based on these findings, the study recommends prioritizing credit allocation to the industrial sector to enhance its contribution to the overall growth and development of the Nigerian economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: credit supply
  topic: keywords
subject: interest rate
  topic: keywords
subject: agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: industry
  topic: keywords
subject: standardized regression
  topic: keywords
creator: Emmanuel A. Onwioduokit
creator: Godwin E. Bassey
creator: Ubong Edem Effiong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Emmanuel A. Onwioduokit, Godwin E. Bassey, Ubong Edem Effiong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-05
publication date: 2025-11-05
starting page: 74
ending page: 103
doi: 10.54201/iajas.167

An Analysis of Some Labor Market Regulation Segments of Slovakia in Reflection to the Hungarian Labor Market Development Measures Going into Effect in 2025
type: item
description: Under the active Hungarian public finance model, in place since 2010, labor market regulation has come under strong state influence and control. As its keys result, an additional one million people are now on the labor market, the employment rate has risen from 52% to almost 80%, while the unemployment rate remained below 4%, even during the 2020–2024 crisis years. The Hungarian government provides targeted labor market subsidies, and starting in 2025, has introduced new rules to strengthen the labor market. These government actions are designed to prevent westward migration and to help both the families and society as a whole to prosper. Following a brief overview of these Hungarian actions, the study places its findings next to those on Slovakia, a neighboring country at a similar level of development. As such, it presents a detailed analysis of the key elements of the Slovakian labor market regulations with a view to highlighting its differences in the regulatory methodologies of the two countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: employment situation
  topic: keywords
subject: labor market protection
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Slovakia
  topic: keywords
subject: Hungary
  topic: keywords
creator: Csaba Lentner
creator: Zsolt Horbulák
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Csaba Lentner, Zsolt Horbulák https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 83
ending page: 100
doi: 10.54201/iajas.164

Transposition of the Mobility Directive into Slovak Law
type: item
description: This article examines the transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/2121 into the Slovak legal framework, with particular emphasis on mechanisms designed to prevent tax law abuse in the context of cross-border company conversions. The objective is to evaluate whether the Slovak legislation has established adequate safeguards and institutional frameworks for detecting and mitigating abusive or fraudulent conduct. The research is based on doctrinal legal analysis, comparative assessment, and critical evaluation of relevant case law. The findings indicate that while the legislative intent is aligned with the Directive’s objectives, the procedural framework for reviewing the legality of cross-border conversions and institutional coordination fall short of ensuring effective prevention of tax abuse. The article concludes with specific legislative recommendations for strengthening procedural guarantees and authority cooperation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cross-border conversion
  topic: keywords
subject: tax law abuse
  topic: keywords
subject: fraudulent practices
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-tax avoidance
  topic: keywords
creator: Natália Priateľová
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Natália Priateľová https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-03
publication date: 2025-09-03
starting page: 25
ending page: 36
doi: 10.54201/iajas.163

Is the Welfare Partnership’s End in Sight?
type: item
description: This article provides an overview of how German social welfare nonprofits in health and human services fared during the COVID-19 pandemic to gauge whether the historically strong complementary relationship between the sectors has continued to hold. Conceptually, we use third-party governance theory to frame German social welfare policy and see what the pandemic experience suggests about government/nonprofit relations. Using an exploratory approach, the analysis is based on a national CAWI survey, conducted in late 2020, covering initial effects of the pandemic and nonprofit countermeasures; financial and non-financial impacts; and the uptake of support programs. The survey data presents the first attempt to analyze the pandemic effects on the most crucial component of Germany’s social welfare infrastructure. The findings suggest that while the traditional partnership still exists, the government showed little interest in addressing the needs of nonprofits. This raises questions as to whether neo-liberal policies have undercut the sense that government is as dependent on nonprofits in social welfare service provision as nonprofits are on government support.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: third-party government
  topic: keywords
subject: interdependence theory
  topic: keywords
subject: welfare partnership
  topic: keywords
subject: government/nonprofit relationship
  topic: keywords
subject: human services
  topic: keywords
subject: Germany
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
creator: Rupert Graf Strachwitz
creator: Stefan Toepler
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rupert Graf Strachwitz, Stefan Toepler https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20
starting page: 6
ending page: 24
doi: 10.54201/iajas.162

Beyond Linz: Institutional Safeguards and the Viability of Presidentialism in Africa
type: item
description: The debate on presidentialism and its impact on democratic stability has been a central concern in political science, particularly following Juan José Linz’s seminal work on the perils of presidentialism. Linz contends that the separation of powers in presidential systems engenders democratic instability, primarily due to political rigidity, dual legitimacy, and zero-sum electoral politics. While many scholars support Linz’s argument, others critique it as overly simplistic, emphasizing institutional weaknesses rather than inherent flaws in presidential systems. This study engages with these scholarly debates by highlighting divergent perspectives on the relationship between presidentialism and democratic consolidation. This study moves beyond the abstract argument of whether presidentialism is inherently stable or fragile to discussing its viability in postcolonial Africa and whether external factors, such as weak institutions, play a more decisive role. And it concludes that presidentialism is not inherently detrimental to democracy, but requires robust institutional safeguards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: executive
  topic: keywords
subject: legislature
  topic: keywords
subject: parliamentary
  topic: keywords
subject: presidentialism
  topic: keywords
subject: Juan José Linz
  topic: keywords
creator: Tope Shola Akinyetun
creator: Ikponmwosa Ebomoyi
creator: Nife Ogunbodede
creator: Osariyekemwen Iyase Ambrose
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tope Shola Akinyetun, Ikponmwosa Ebomoyi, Nife Ogunbodede, Osariyekemwen Iyase Ambrose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-13
publication date: 2025-10-13
starting page: 54
ending page: 73
doi: 10.54201/iajas.159

Establishing a System for Verifying Matriculation Exam in Polish Administrative Law: Selected Aspects
type: item
description: The secondary school leaving exam exists under various names and with varying characteristics across the globe. The Polish matriculation exam (“matura”) deserves special attention as it has assumed a new, external aspect since its overall reform in 2005. Unfortunately, the first years after the reform revealed a significant problem with its assessment: numerous cases of incorrectly graded papers have been reported which fueled large-scale social unrest as there was no procedure in place for appealing against the matura results. After more than ten years, the regulations were changed for the better, and a special body, the College of Examination Arbitration was installed. In this paper, I consider this historic development, and I offer a general treatment of its administrative and constitutional implications as to the educational rights and civic liberties within the Polish legal context.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: secondary school leaving exam
  topic: keywords
subject: matriculation exam
  topic: keywords
subject: external examination
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education admission
  topic: keywords
subject: control of examinations
  topic: keywords
creator: Łukasz Kierznowski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Łukasz Kierznowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 124
ending page: 134
doi: 10.54201/iajas.156

Minority Language Education in Belarus
type: item
description: This article examines the elimination of minority language education in Belarus following the 2022 Education Code revision, which effectively erased programs previously available in Lithuanian and Polish in a small number of schools. While nominally permitting minority language study, the new code, implemented under the Lukashenka administration, restricts instruction to language and culture classes contingent upon formal student requests and official approvals. Given Belarus’ position outside the Council of Europe and the resulting lack of influence from legally binding minority rights instruments, this article explores the relevant legal framework, the Lukashenka administration’s political reasoning and communication tactics, and reactions from neighboring kin-states within Brubaker’s triadic nexus. It reveals how broad discretionary power undermines minority language rights, silences minority voices, and dismantles prior educational achievements within this complex political and legal landscape.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: political communication
  topic: keywords
subject: national minorities
  topic: keywords
subject: minority education
  topic: keywords
subject: Belarus
  topic: keywords
creator: Kiryl Kascian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kiryl Kascian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 110
ending page: 123
doi: 10.54201/iajas.155

Some Constitutional Dimensions of Legislation with Supermajority in an Illiberal Context
type: item
description: The main goal of this article is to draw attention to the potential tools of the Hungarian Constitutional Court in the shaping of the future of cardinal law. The three main dilemmas around which the relevant HCC practice can be grouped are the legal rank of cardinal laws, ordinary and cardinal provisions occurring in the same laws, and the vertical scope of the cardinal regulation. The science of constitutional law and legal practice must focus on these three main issues in connection with supermajority legislation. Of course, many other sub-problems can be identified, which are important in themselves, but all of them can be classified into one of the aforementioned three areas. If these issues can be settled satisfactorily, a predictable jurisprudence may develop in the long term, which would greatly promote the effectiveness of the entire concept of cardinality. A wide-ranging professional dialogue from this would serve not only the interests of the Hungarian constitutional framework, but might also be an important point of reference for other countries operating with supermajority legislation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cardinal law
  topic: keywords
subject: supermajority
  topic: keywords
subject: hierarchy of legal sources
  topic: keywords
subject: two-thirds parliamentary majority
  topic: keywords
subject: competence principle
  topic: keywords
subject: hierarchical principle
  topic: keywords
subject: cardinality clause
  topic: keywords
creator: Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 37
ending page: 53
doi: 10.54201/iajas.153

Comparing the Evolution of Lobbying Legislation in Lithuania and Ireland, Whither Regulatory Robustness?
type: item
description: This paper examines the evolution of the laws regulating lobbying in Lithuania and Ireland using the Centre for Public Integrity’s (CPI) “Hired Guns” quantitative index for assessing/evaluating the robustness of lobbying legislation. This index, measuring transparency, accountability and enforcement, is a scoring system developed in 2003 to assess lobbying disclosure laws in United States (US) states that has since been applied in many other countries and jurisdictions. Employing the CPI’s index enables the findings here to be compared with those of other countries, states and territories that possess lobbying regulations. The paper shows that, first, Lithuanian legislation initially scores higher on the CPI index than Irish legislation; second, Lithuania’s CPI score declines longitudinally, whereas Ireland’s remains unchanged; and third, amendments introduce additional rules, sanctions and close loopholes – representing incremental improvements to lobbying regulations – often too subtle for the CPI index to capture.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: lobbying
  topic: keywords
subject: regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative
  topic: keywords
subject: index
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuania
  topic: keywords
subject: Ireland
  topic: keywords
creator: John Hogan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 John Hogan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 6
ending page: 24
doi: 10.54201/iajas.148

Administrative Legacy of Ibn Khaldûn
type: item
description: This research examines the integration of Ibn Khaldûn’s administrative principles within contemporary governance, challenging Western-centric narratives in public administration. Utilizing qualitative analysis of governmental reports, historical texts, and policy documents from twenty countries, the study highlights the traces and adaptations of Khaldûnian thought in governance structures. Key findings reveal the diverse interpretations and applications of foundational concepts derived from Khaldûn’s work, such as social cohesion ('asabiyyah) and the balance between justice and economic prosperity, within varying political and administrative frameworks. The research underscores how these historical principles continue to resonate in addressing modern governance challenges, including decentralization, stakeholder participation, and the ethical integration of religious and cultural values. By bridging historical insights with contemporary practices, the study contributes to diversifying public administration theories, advocating for culturally resonant governance approaches. The comparative exploration enriches the academic discourse on inclusive and effective governance, offering policymakers practical frameworks for integrating historical insight into modern administrative systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ibn Khaldûn
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Administration
  topic: keywords
subject: Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Religion
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethics
  topic: keywords
creator: Haris Alibašić
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Haris Alibašić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 25
ending page: 49
doi: 10.54201/iajas.142

Challenges of the Current Tax-sharing System in Slovakia
type: item
description: The sharing of state tax revenues with local self-governments is a common practice in most countries, and the Slovak Republic is no exception. However, these systems vary significantly and while some countries apply a wider tax mix, others use just a single shared-tax system. The latter is the case in Slovakia. The paper evaluates, therefore, the appropriateness of using the current single tax (PIT), in terms of income stability, budget foreseeability and income sufficiency, for this purpose, and afterwards, it takes a look at the appropriateness of the single shared-tax system at large. Based on the data, PIT seems to be a smart choice for the Slovak Republic, as it is both income stable and budgetary foreseeable. From the income-sufficiency point of view, PIT is a medium voluminous tax, compared to other state taxes. However, from the local governments’ perspective and with reference to their needs, this tax is simply not enough. Thus, the overall findings support the idea of enlarging the system to a broader tax mix, just like the ones endorsed by most of the neighboring countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Slovakia
  topic: keywords
subject: local self-government
  topic: keywords
subject: local finance
  topic: keywords
subject: shared tax
  topic: keywords
subject: personal income tax
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Vartašová
creator: Miroslav Štrkolec
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Anna Vartašová, Miroslav Štrkolec https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-09
publication date: 2024-12-09
starting page: 31
ending page: 44
doi: 10.54201/iajas.136

The Role of Property Tax in Municipal Budget
type: item
description: Tax revenues of municipalities can be divided into shared and entrusted (own, local) taxes in the Czech Republic. There are several local taxes sensu lato, the most important of which is the immovable property tax. This article is set to evaluate its role in the Czech municipal budgets, predominantly by way of comparing the economic data concerning the revenues of local self-government units in OECD countries. From a legal perspective, the text describes and critically analyzes the legal regulation of the Czech immovable property tax and specifically points out municipalities’ potential to influence their revenue with regard to political debates and recent changes in legal regulation. In the discussion part, the challenges connected with the changes in the legal regulation of the immovable property tax and changes in the budget determination of taxes are defined, and the impacts of these changes are analyzed in details. The authors argue that the role of the property tax is negligible and municipalities must rely on sources of funding other than local taxes to meet their statutory obligations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Property tax
  topic: keywords
subject: recurrent property tax
  topic: keywords
subject: municipal budget
  topic: keywords
subject: tax revenues
  topic: keywords
subject: local tax
  topic: keywords
subject: budget determination of taxes
  topic: keywords
creator: Eva Tomášková
creator: Michal Radvan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Eva Tomášková, Michal Radvan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-09
publication date: 2024-12-09
starting page: 19
ending page: 30
doi: 10.54201/iajas.135

Enhancing Property Tax Systems: Proposals for Slovakia and the Czech Republic
type: item
description: Property taxes are often overlooked in discussions on taxation policy, despite their potential to contribute significantly to stable and sustainable public budgets, especially at the local level. This paper provides an assessment of possible reforms to the property tax systems of Slovakia and the Czech Republic, with a focus on the feasibility and justification of transitioning to a value-based assessment system. While acknowledging the need for increased revenues from property taxes, the author expresses skepticism about the suitability of such a transition in the contexts of both countries. The findings nevertheless underscore the comparatively low revenue impact of property taxes in both nations, indicating a need for alternative strategies to enhance revenue generation. The author argues that a proactive utilization of municipal discretion and minor legislative modifications offer more feasible avenues for enhancing property tax revenues without necessitating profound structural changes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: property tax
  topic: keywords
subject: local municipalities
  topic: keywords
subject: Slovakia
  topic: keywords
subject: Czech Republic
  topic: keywords
subject: value-based
  topic: keywords
subject: area-based
  topic: keywords
creator: Ádám Pál
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ádám Pál https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 67
ending page: 82
doi: 10.54201/iajas.134

The Use of Mother Tongue in Public Administration
type: item
description: Citizens are primarily in contact with the state through public administration, and due to the changing and expanding role of the state, this contact is becoming more and more frequent and complex. An important element of the regulation of the citizen–state relationship is the definition of the language of their communication, respecting, on the one hand, the freedom of language use and the prohibition of discrimination, and on the other hand, the identity of the state-forming nation and the principle of efficiency. Thanks to its decades-long tradition of multilingual public administration, Serbia ensures relatively broad rights to use mother tongue before public administration bodies. However, practice does not catch up with the law. The paper’s goal is to present the discrepancies between the de iure and de facto situation in the field of official language use in Serbia’s multilevel public administration, and to suggest a paradigm shift for further improvement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: language rights
  topic: keywords
subject: public administration
  topic: keywords
subject: national minority
  topic: keywords
subject: Serbia
  topic: keywords
creator: Katinka Beretka
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Katinka Beretka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-09
publication date: 2024-12-09
starting page: 55
ending page: 71
doi: 10.54201/iajas.130

Culture and Identity: Two Emerging Topics in Hungarian Constitutional Law
type: item
description: The paper discusses the concepts of culture and identity within the context of the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The first part focuses on the relationship between the state and culture, both from a conceptual and an ideological point of view. The second part examines how references to culture and identity appear in the Fundamental Law. It is argued that by juxtaposing the two terms in Article R, the Fundamental Law seeks to broaden the meaning of constitutional identity, to include a historical-cultural dimension, and make it a rhetorical topic useful for the construction of exclusivist arguments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: culture
  topic: keywords
subject: identity
  topic: keywords
subject: political ideologies
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional interpretation
  topic: keywords
subject: Fundamental Law of Hungary
  topic: keywords
subject: topics
  topic: keywords
creator: Miklós Könczöl
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Miklós Könczöl https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-26
publication date: 2024-06-26
starting page: 26
ending page: 35
doi: 10.54201/iajas.v4i1.127

The Correlation of Digital Competence and Crisis Management
type: item
description: In the age of digitalization, when almost all aspects of social activity are effected and novel threats to a rapidly changing environment are being posed, the ability of public servants to use digital tools competently is crucial for an effective crisis management. This article examines the two-dimensional importance of digital competence, which includes both an ability to operate modern technologies and an awareness of potential cyber threats. The study draws on a literature analysis coupled with qualitative and behavioral methods to explore how digital competence affects the effectiveness of crisis management. The results indicate that it is not only technical proficiency that is important but ongoing cyber security training too is of crucial importance. These two combined form the basis for effective prediction, monitoring and response to crises. The article highlights the need to integrate digital competence as a fundamental element of crisis management strategies in public administrations while suggesting directions for further research in this area.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: crisis management
  topic: keywords
subject: digital competence
  topic: keywords
subject: digital tools
  topic: keywords
subject: public administration
  topic: keywords
subject: data security
  topic: keywords
creator: Krzysztof Kaczmarek
creator: Mirosław Karpiuk
creator: Jarosław Kostrubiec
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Krzysztof Kaczmarek, Mirosław Karpiuk, Jarosław Kostrubiec https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 101
ending page: 109
doi: 10.54201/iajas.123

Strengthening the Financial Sustainability of Serbian Local Governments by Improving their Efficiency and Effectiveness
type: item
description: This paper examines the financial sustainability of local governments in Serbia, focusing on the historical evolution of the local government system, revenue and expenditure trends, and reforms aimed at enhancing efficiency and effectiveness. The findings indicate that while the transition to a single-tier model and various reforms have provided stability, challenges remain. Key issues include limited fiscal autonomy, demographic decline, and the disparities of financial resources across municipalities. The paper highlights that although property tax decentralization and the introduction of new local revenue sources have improved revenue collection, differences in expenditure and resource allocation affect the equitable development of local communities. The paper also identifies that administrative reforms, digitalization, and inter-municipal cooperation have enhanced efficiency and service delivery, but further steps are necessary to ensure comprehensive and sustained financial health. Ultimately, it suggests that to achieve long-term financial sustainability, Serbian local governments need reforms that promote greater fiscal autonomy, equitable resource allocation, and a balance between infrastructure investment and social services, shifting towards the latter.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Local Government
  topic: keywords
subject: Serbia
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Dejan Vučetić
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dejan Vučetić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-13
publication date: 2025-06-13
starting page: 50
ending page: 66
doi: 10.54201/iajas.122

Transforming External Control of Municipal Finances in Hungary
type: item
description: The external control of the Hungarian municipal finances has been based on the traditional, continental dual model: the State Audit Office of Hungary, responsible for the professional control of these finances on the one hand, and the County (Capital) Government Offices, performing the legal supervision of the decisions and procedures of municipal finances on the other hand. This paper analyzes how this ecosystem has been transformed, and how central governmental control has been strengthened during the last decade. It also examines the phenomenon of blurring the boundaries between professional and legal control and supervision. Finally, it reviews the complementary elements of this system, such as the inspection competences of the Hungarian State Treasury and the asset management control powers of the public prosecutors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: external control
  topic: keywords
subject: professional control
  topic: keywords
subject: legal supervision
  topic: keywords
subject: County Government Offices
  topic: keywords
subject: State Audit Office of Hungary
  topic: keywords
subject: inspection of central government funding
  topic: keywords
creator: István Hoffman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 István Hoffman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-09
publication date: 2024-12-09
starting page: 6
ending page: 18
doi: 10.54201/iajas.108

The Conventional Definition of Genocide
type: item
description: This work comprehensively analyzes the legal definition of genocide. In so doing, it details the material and mental conditions that can lead to an individual’s punishment for the commission of the crime of genocide. Further, it addresses some of the difficulties that have arisen when interpreting and applying the legal rule. To this end, this work starts by presenting the basic structure of the crime of genocide, and also the goals of its legal prohibition. It then concentrates on the material element (actus reus) of genocide, placing emphasis on two difficulties; namely, the notion of the group, and how to identify the four protected groups. In addition, the conduct prohibited by the Convention is detailed. This work then focuses on the mental element (mens rea) of the crime, examining each term from the Convention’s formulation separately in order to better assess the concept of specific intent. This work then considers the meaning of article 30 from the ICC Statute. Ultimately, this work details the conventional definition of genocide and reveals some of the main interpretative challenges associated with it.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: crime of genocide
  topic: keywords
subject: Genocide Convention
  topic: keywords
subject: international criminal law
  topic: keywords
subject: legal theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Stearns Broadhead
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Stearns Broadhead https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-26
publication date: 2024-06-26
starting page: 90
ending page: 102
doi: 10.54201/iajas.v4i1.117

Participatory Communication for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods
type: item
description: Traditional top-down approaches exclude communities from participating in policy design and decision-making, while existing communication models are inadequate in addressing communication and service delivery challenges in rural municipalities. And Matatiele Local Municipality (MLM) is no exception. This study is focusing on Matatiele Local Municipality’s use of participatory communication (PC) processes in line with democratic principles and their impact on service delivery. It explores the communication practices, the nexus between good governance and participatory communication and identifies approaches towards participatory communication in rural Matatiele. From an interpretivism paradigm, the study employed a qualitative research method that permit a focused examination of nineteen purposively selected participants. Data retrieved from the semi-structured interview and from secondary sources was analysed thematically and narratively. Findings indicate that participatory communication is not uniformly applied across all areas within MLM jurisdiction. Infrastructure deficits, service delivery challenges and issues related to decentralisation are also identified. The study concludes that traditional authorities play a significant yet overlooked role in democratic development at the local level. Recommendations include an emphasis on the reassessment of the role citizens play in the decision-making process to enhance their meaningful involvement and empowerment in the governance process beyond participation by consultation. Therefore, participatory communication practices beyond establishing clear feedback mechanisms, enhancing responsiveness to community concerns, and improving citizens’ influence on final decisions can promote mutual understanding and cocreation of content that could enhance citizens’ livelihoods.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: participatory communication
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable rural livelihoods
  topic: keywords
subject: good governance
  topic: keywords
subject: local responsiveness
  topic: keywords
creator: Moroesi Lebenya
creator: Betty Claire Mubangizi
creator: Oluwaseun Temitope Ojogiwa
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Moroesi Lebenya, Betty Claire Mubangizi, Oluwaseun Temitope Ojogiwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-09
publication date: 2024-12-09
starting page: 72
ending page: 91
doi: 10.54201/iajas.110